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语言并发：goroutine + channel + sync.WaitGroup","post-16-Go语言并发go","原创","# Go 语言并发：goroutine + channel + sync.WaitGroup\n\nGo 最引以为豪的特性就是原生并发模型：\"不要通过共享内存通信，而要通过通信共享内存\"。goroutine + channel 的 CSP 模式让并发代码可读性和安全性大幅提升。\n\n## goroutine 与工作池模式\n\n一个 goroutine 初始栈仅 2KB，可以轻松启动十万级别。通过带缓冲 channel 实现固定大小 worker pool，避免无限创建导致调度压力，用 sync.WaitGroup 等待所有 worker 退出。\n\n```go\n```go\npackage main\n\nimport (\n    \"context\"\n    \"fmt\"\n    \"log\"\n    \"sync\"\n    \"time\"\n)\n\ntype Job struct{ ID int; URL string }\ntype Result struct{ JobID int; Latency time.Duration; Status int; Err error }\n\nfunc worker(ctx context.Context, id int, jobs \u003C-chan Job, results chan\u003C- Result, wg *sync.WaitGroup) {\n    defer wg.Done()\n    log.Printf(\"[worker %d] started\", id)\n    for {\n        select {\n        case \u003C-ctx.Done():\n            log.Printf(\"[worker %d] cancelled: %v\", id, ctx.Err())\n            return\n        case job, ok := \u003C-jobs:\n            if !ok { return }\n            t0 := time.Now()\n            select {\n            case \u003C-ctx.Done():\n                results \u003C- Result{JobID: job.ID, Err: ctx.Err()}\n                return\n            case \u003C-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):\n                results \u003C- Result{JobID: job.ID, Latency: time.Since(t0), Status: 200}\n            }\n        }\n    }\n}\n\nfunc main() {\n    const (\n        workerCount = 4\n        jobCount    = 20\n    )\n    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 3*time.Second)\n    defer cancel()\n    jobs := make(chan Job, workerCount*2)\n    results := make(chan Result, workerCount*2)\n    var wg sync.WaitGroup\n    for i := 1; i \u003C= workerCount; i++ {\n        wg.Add(1)\n        go worker(ctx, i, jobs, results, &wg)\n    }\n    go func() {\n        for i := 1; i \u003C= jobCount; i++ {\n            jobs \u003C- Job{ID: i, URL: fmt.Sprintf(\"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.example.com\u002Fitem\u002F%d\", i)}\n        }\n        close(jobs)\n    }()\n    go func() { wg.Wait(); close(results) }()\n    total := 0\n    for r := range results {\n        total++\n        if r.Err != nil { fmt.Printf(\"[job %02d] ERROR %v\\n\", r.JobID, r.Err) }\n        fmt.Printf(\"[job %02d] status=%d latency=%-8s total=%d\\n\", r.JobID, r.Status, r.Latency, total)\n    }\n    fmt.Printf(\"Done: %d\u002F%d jobs\\n\", total, jobCount)\n}\n```\n```\n\n## Context 取消与陷阱\n\ncontext.WithTimeout\u002FWithCancel 同时关闭所有嵌套协程，是防止泄漏的关键。常见陷阱：for-range 读已关闭 channel 自动退出、select 加 default 变成忙循环、无缓冲 channel 发送端阻塞造成 goroutine 悬挂。\n\n| 特性 | Go goroutine+channel | Java Thread+Queue | Rust async+tokio |\n|------|---------------------|-------------------|------------------|\n| 最小开销 | ~2KB栈 | ~1MB栈 | 结构体级 |\n| 启动10万耗时 | \u003C100ms | 数秒\u002FOOM | ~200ms |\n| 同步原语 | channel\u002Fmutex\u002FCond | BlockingQueue\u002F锁 | tokio::sync::* |\n| 取消机制 | Context统一 | Future.cancel\u002F中断 | Drop\u002Fselect! |\n| 常见陷阱 | goroutine泄漏\u002F阻塞 | 虚假唤醒\u002F死锁 | Pin! 生命周期 |\n\n## 最佳实践\n\n发送端 close channel，不要接收端关。优先使用有界缓冲 channel，避免无界队列导致内存暴涨。用 defer 覆盖所有关闭路径，防止异常下 goroutine 泄漏。","完整掌握 Go 原生并发模型：轻量级协程 goroutine（KB 级开销）、CSP 模式 channel 通信、sync.WaitGroup 生命周期管理，加上 Context 取消、工作池模式，以及 goroutine 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